Biomass contributes to reducing GHGs that contribute to global warming and climate change. Biomass emissions are significantly lower than those from fossil fuels
FREMONT, CA: Biomass is a renewable source of organic matter derived from plants and animals. Until the mid-1800s, biomass accounted for most overall yearly energy use in the United States. Biomass is a significant energy source in several countries, particularly for cooking and heating in developing countries. In many developed countries, the use of biomass fuels for transportation and energy generation is expanding to minimize carbon dioxide emissions associated with fossil fuel use. Numerous processes convert biomass to energy, including the following:
The most prevalent technique of turning biomass into useable energy is direct combustion. All biomass can be burned directly to heat buildings and water, industrial process heat, and steam turbines to generate electricity.
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Pyrolysis and gasification are two types of thermochemical conversion of biomass. Both are thermal degradation processes in which biomass feedstock materials are cooked to extremely high temperatures in enclosed pressure vessels called gasifiers. They differ primarily in the temperatures at which the conversion occurs and the amount of oxygen present during the process.
Pyrolysis is the process of heating organic compounds to around 800–900oF (400–500oC) in the near absence of free oxygen. Pyrolysis of biomass yields a variety of fuels, including charcoal, bio-oil, renewable diesel, methane, and hydrogen.
Hydrotreating is a technique that uses hydrogen to treat bio-oil (made through fast pyrolysis) at aloft temperatures and pressures in the presence of a catalyst to create renewable diesel, renewable gasoline, and renewable jet fuel.
Gasification is a process that involves heating organic materials to 1,400–1700oF (800–900oC) and injecting regulated amounts of free oxygen or steam into the vessel to produce synthesis gas or syngas. Synthesis gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Syngas can be used as a fuel for diesel engines, as a source of heat, and electricity generation in gas turbines. Additionally, it can be processed to remove hydrogen from the gas, which can be burned or utilized in fuel cells. The Fischer–Tropsch process can further process the syngas to produce liquid fuels.