This article provides insights into the present condition and future possibilities of pivotal emerging technologies that could facilitate a transition to clean energy.
Fremont, CA: Fossil fuels are the foundation of contemporary society, fueling transportation, producing electricity, and heating residences. Nevertheless, our persistent dependence on extracting these fuels from the Earth's crust is fundamentally unsustainable, and the burning of fossil fuels has emitted carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. This has resulted in a catastrophic unintended outcome: climate change. Consequently, a shift towards sustainable energy is essential. To comprehend the obstacles associated with this transition, it is crucial first to analyze the energy sources and applications within the current energy framework of the United States.
Renewable Energy
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In various regions globally, wind and solar energy have emerged as among the most economically viable methods for electricity generation. Conversely, in the United States, renewable sources account for merely one-tenth of the total energy supply, indicating a pressing need for substantial expansion in this sector over the next several decades. Furthermore, enhancements in efficiency are essential to facilitate cost-effective renewable energy production in areas where wind and solar resources are less plentiful.
Presently, solar cells are primarily constructed from silicon, a widely available and cost-effective material, which exhibits a solar-to-electricity energy efficiency of approximately 20 percent. However, a promising new technology has emerged that has the potential to enhance this efficiency significantly. Combining a material known as perovskite with silicon makes it possible to develop solar cells that achieve efficiencies exceeding 30 percent, representing a 50 percent increase compared to conventional solar cells. Although challenges related to manufacturing and durability still need to be addressed before these advanced cells can be widely adopted, there is considerable potential to expand the benefaction of renewable energy sources.
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration:
The expansion of renewable energy is vital for facilitating the energy transition; however, obstacles such as intermittency, transmission issues, and the geographical limitations of resources present significant challenges in attaining a fully renewable energy system. Furthermore, specific industrial sectors, including aviation, cement, and steel production, need help in their decarbonization efforts. Implementing carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration (CCUS) technologies will be vital for decarbonizing these industries.
Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) involves the extraction of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuel combustion, its concentration, and subsequent utilization to create carbon-neutral fuels or secure storage to prevent atmospheric release. There are primarily two categories of carbon capture: point source capture and direct air capture. Point source capture targets emissions from specific facilities, such as power generation and cement manufacturing, thereby minimizing the carbon emissions associated with fossil fuel usage. In contrast, while more expensive, direct air capture enables the extraction of CO2 directly from the atmosphere, facilitating harmful emissions. Existing technologies utilize thermochemical processes, wherein chemicals absorb CO2, subject it to high temperatures, and release nearly pure emissions. Nonetheless, this method is energy-intensive; capturing CO2 from a natural gas power plant can consume approximately one-third of the facility's total energy output.
Energy Storage:
Energy storage plays a significant part in the transition to clean energy in two critical ways: it facilitates the electrification of transportation. It supports grid-scale energy storage for load shifting, which involves reallocating energy consumption from periods of high demand (peak hours) to times of lower demand (off-peak hours). The automotive sector is experiencing a substantial change from internal combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles, driven by decreasing costs and enhanced performance of lithium-ion batteries. Electric vehicles represent approximately 14 percent of global sales and are rapidly advancing towards becoming the leading technology in the passenger vehicle market.
Nevertheless, grid-scale energy storage technologies, which are crucial for supporting intermittent renewable electricity generation, will significantly reduce costs. While energy storage systems utilizing lithium-ion battery technology are widely used, lithium-ion batteries are anticipated to remain relatively inexpensive for storage durations extending beyond a few hours.
These are some of the emerging technologies that will lead to a clean energy transition in the United States. Sustainable hydrogen, fuels, and the electrical grid are also included in this list.