For over 1,300 years, humans have used windmills to convert the power of the wind to mechanical energy.
FREMONT, CA: Wind energy contributes a negligible but growing electricity generation. It accounts for 5 percent of global electricity output and 7 percent of the US electrical supply.
Wind energy worldwide reaches 651 gigatons, which is more than solar energy connected to the grid and around half of what hydropower can provide. Wind farms generate nearly three-quarters of the 651 gigawatts in five countries: China, the United States, Germany, India, and Spain. Over the previous decade, wind energy capacity has tripled across America.
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Wind energy has surpassed solar energy as the dominant source of renewable energy in the United States, with enough wind turbines to generate more than 100 million watts, or megawatts, of electricity, enough to power around 29 million average households.
The cost of wind energy has reduced considerably during the previous decade. In the United States, it costs competitive with natural gas and solar energy.
Wind and solar energy complement one another, as wind is typically strongest after the sun has warmed the ground for an extended length of time. Rising warm air from the warmest regions creates a vacuum into which other air can rush, resulting in horizontal wind currents. Solar energy may be used during the day, and wind energy can be used at night and in the evening. Wind energy is favorable in areas too cloudy or dark for significant solar energy generation, particularly at higher latitudes.
Engineers are in the early stages of constructing airborne wind turbines in which the components are either lifted by a gas such as helium or use their aerodynamic properties to stay elevated in the air, where the wind is most potent. These devices are being studied for offshore applications, where conventional wind turbines atop towering towers are too expensive and challenging to construct.
Trees, which can withstand gale-force winds and yet move in response to any direction's gusts, also serve as an inspiration for new wind energy technology innovations. Engineers have theorized about the feasibility of manufacturing synthetic wind turbines. This would involve the development of novel materials and systems capable of translating the energy contained in the complex movements of a tree into the constant rotation required by traditional generators. The goal is to gather wind energy closer to the ground using smaller, less visible devices and in locations with complex airflows, such as cities.